Golomb posited that in order to gain the ability to build radio transmitters or other devices capable of interstellar communication, or any other technology beyond the most rudimentary tools, knowledge must be accumulated over the course of many generations. While acknowledging that the graphical language in the film was art without linguistic meaning, she stated that the film was a fairly accurate portrayal of the approach human linguists would use in trying to understand an alien language. Jessica Coon, a professor of linguistics at McGill University, was consulted for the linguistic aspect of the 2016 film Arrival. Linguist Keren Rice posits that basic communication between humans and aliens should be possible, unless "the things that we think are common to languages-situating in time space, talking about participants, etc.-are so radically different that the human language provides no starting point for it." Humans would have to study an alien language by the slow way of discovery, the same way as scientists do research in, say, physics. Noam Chomsky (1983), starting with his hypothesis of a genetically-predetermined universal grammar of human languages, held that it would be impossible for a human to naturally learn an alien language because it would most probably violate the universal grammar inborn in humans.
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